Marginal Abatement Cost Curve — Kazakhstan
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Total abatement
No-regrets share
Weighted-avg MAC
Measures
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15 $/t
5 $/tbase 15 $/t60 $/t
250 $/thousand m³
100 $/thousand m³base 250 $/thousand m³600 $/thousand m³
50 $/MWh
20 $/MWhbase 50 $/MWh150 $/MWh
12%
3%base 12%20%
| Measure | MAC, USD/t | Abatement, kt/yr | CAPEX, mUSD | Duration, yr |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Precision agriculture (N₂O reduction from fertilizers) | -29.4no-regrets | 1,160 | 180 | 10 |
Improved pasture management | -25.2no-regrets | 580 | 230 | 20 |
Associated petroleum gas (APG) utilization | -13.7no-regrets | 6,840 | 1,875 | 20 |
Renewables + gas peaker + boiler (alternative to new CHP) | -3no-regrets | 4,030 | -696 | 25 |
LDAR: methane leak detection and repair (oil & gas) | 1.4 | 8,550 | 55 | 10 |
Coal-mine methane degassing (coalbed methane) | 26.7 | 1,900 | 300 | 20 |
Wastewater-treatment upgrade (CH₄ reduction) | 27 | 320 | 150 | 25 |
Renewables: solar and wind power plants | 37.3 | 27,594 | 9,200 | 25 |
Heat pumps for district heating | 39.4 | 5,225 | 1,353 | 20 |
Landfill-gas (LFG) capture and utilization | 39.8 | 360 | 140 | 20 |
Waste-heat recovery (flue-gas heat recuperation) | 48.2 | 17,520 | 6,250 | 20 |
Clinker-factor reduction in cement production | 52.1 | 860 | 200 | 30 |
Renewables + gas peaker + boiler replacing CHP (retiring old coal CHP) | 54.3 | 28,207 | 5,880 | 25 |
Building thermal retrofit (facade insulation, windows, roofing) | 62 | 9,217 | 10,800 | 30 |
Leak reduction in the gas transmission system | 85.6 | 5,130 | 630 | 20 |
Freight modal shift from road to rail | 86 | 355 | 200 | 25 |
Feed additives reducing enteric fermentation (CH₄) | 99.9 | 1,780 | 140 | 10 |
Electric boiler + renewables (full district-heating decarbonization) | 99.9 | 11,625 | 184 | 25 |
Heat-supply electrification (electric boilers + renewables) | 116.1 | 28,215 | 4,768 | 25 |
Improved manure management (biogas) | 117.6 | 264 | 300 | 15 |
CCS in metallurgy and cement | 156.7 | 2,160 | 1,203 | 25 |
Residential gasification (transitional measure) | 168.5 | 6,975 | 2,501 | 30 |
Nuclear power (replacing baseload coal) | 171.3 | 26,806 | 36,036 | 60 |
Afforestation and reforestation | 182.9 | 2,100 | 2,200 | 30 |
Conversion of coal CHP and boilers to natural gas | 193.8 | 12,045 | 10,500 | 20 |
Coal CHP efficiency improvement (turbine & boiler retrofit) | 248.4 | 4,773 | 8,580 | 20 |
Coal-to-gas fuel switch in industrial process heat | 249.8 | 1,448 | 1,745 | 20 |
Passenger-vehicle electrification (EVs) | 297.4 | 2,184 | 8,799 | 15 |